SEJARAH RUGBY

THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN FOOTBALL ( RUGBY )

FOOTBALL has existed since Ancient Greece.But They called this game Harpaston.Harpaston means " the game where its Rough and Brutal ". The rule are very simple.The poin have been given by a person who kick or run the ball Through the Goal Line.

Harpaston

The other schools moved ahead refining Their game rules and eventually Their Became known as "as soc iation football" - or soc cer, the which was played back then much as it is today.

Rugby School went in a different direction. Rugby School went in a different direction.   How and why the game developed differently at Rugby School appears to have been lost in history, but what is known is that by the 1830's, running with the ball at Rugby School was in common use and 18 foot goal posts had been added with a cross-bar at 10 feet above the ground. How and why the game developed differently at Rugby School Appears to have been lost in history, but what is known is that? By the 1830's, running with the ball at Rugby School was in common use and 18 foot goal posts had been added with a cross -bar at 10 feet above the ground.

The inclusion of the cross-bar was accompanied by a rule that a goal could only be scored by the ball passing over the bar from a place kick or drop kick. The inclusion of the cross-bar was accompanied by a rule That Could only be a goal scored by the ball passing over the bar from a place kick or drop kick. Apparently this was done to make scoring easier from further out and also to avoid the horde of defenders standing in and blocking the mouth of the goal . Apparently this was done to make-scoring Easier from further out and also to avoid the horde of defenders standing in and blocking the mouth of the goal.

Players who were able to "touch down" the ball behind the opponents goal line were awarded a "try-at-goal" - the player would make a mark on the goal line and then walk back onto the field of play to a point where a place kick at the goal was possible (a conversion). WHO players were Able to "touch down" the ball behind the opponents goal line were awarded a "try-at-goal" - the player would make a mark on the goal line and then walk back onto the field of play to a point where a place kick at the goal was possible (a conversion). There was also an "off-your-side" rule used to keep the teams apart. There was also an "off-your-side" rule used to keep the teams apart. Passing the ball forward was not allowed. Passing the ball forward was not allowed.

By the mid-1860s British schools and universities had taken up Rugby's game and honored the school by giving the "new football" the name of rugby. By the mid-1860s British schools and universities had taken up Rugby's game and honored the school by giving the "new football" the name of rugby.

The game soon went trans-Atlantic to America and landed on fertile soil. The game soon went trans-Atlantic to America and landed on fertile soil.

Roots of American Football Roots of American Football

The birth date of football in the United States is generally regarded by football historians as November 6, 1869, when teams from Rutgers and Princeton Universities met for the first intercollegiate football game. The birth date of football in the United States is Generally regarded by football Historians as November 6, 1869, when teams from Rutgers and Princeton Universities met for the first Intercollegiate football game. In those early games, there were 20 players to a team and football still more closely resembled rugby than modern football. In Those early games, there were 20 players to a football team and still more closely resembled modern rugby than football.

The game of football has a history of constant rule changes. The game of football has a history of constant rule changes. Rule changes have been implemented to bolster the excitement of the game of football and to increase the game's safety. Rule changes have been Implemented to Bolster the excitement of the game of football and to increase of the game's safety.

In 1873, representatives from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale Universities met in New York City to formulate the first intercollegiate football rules for the increasingly popular game. In 1873, representatives from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale Universities met in New York City to formulate the first Intercollegiate football rules for the increasingly popular game. These four teams established the Intercollegiate Football Association (IFA) and set 15 as the number of players allowed on each team. These four teams established the Intercollegiate Football Association (IFA) and set 15 as the number of players allowed on each team.

Walter Camp, the coach at Yale and a dissenter from the IFA over his desire for an eleven man team, helped begin the final step in the evolution from rugby-style play to the modern game of American football. Walter Camp, the coach at Yale and a dissenter from the IFA over his desire for an eleven man team, helped begin the final step in the evolution from rugby-style play to the modern game of American football. The IFA's rules committee, led by Camp, soon cut the number of players from fifteen to eleven, and also instituted the size of the playing field, at one hundred ten yards. The IFA's rules committee, led by Camp, soon cut the number of players from fifteen to eleven, and also instituted the size of the playing field, at one hundred ten yards. In 1882 Camp also introduced the system of downs. In 1882 Camp also introduced the system of downs. After first allowing three attempts to advance the ball five yards, in 1906 the distance was changed to ten yards. After first allowing three attempts to advance the ball five yards, in 1906 the distance was changed to ten yards. The fourth down was added in 1912. The fourth down was added in 1912.

Within a decade, concern over the increasing brutality of the game led to its ban by some colleges. Within a decade, Increasing concern over the brutality of the game led to its ban by some colleges. Nearly 180 players had suffered serious injuries, and eighteen deaths had been reported from the brutal mass plays that had become common practice. Nearly 180 players had suffered serious injuries, and eighteen Deaths had been reported from the brutal mass plays Become That had common practice. So in 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt called upon Harvard, Princeton, and Yale to help save the sport from demise. So in 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt called upon Harvard, Princeton, and Yale to help save the sport from demise.

At a meeting between the schools, reform was agreed upon, and at a second meeting, attended by more than sixty other schools, the group appointed a seven member Rules Committee and set up what would later become known as the National Collegiate Athletic Association, or the NCAA. At a meeting Between the schools, reform was Agreed upon, and at a second meeting, Attended by more than sixty other schools, the group appointed a seven member Rules Committee and set up what would later Become known as the National Collegiate Athletic Association, or the NCAA.

From this committee came the legalization of the forward pass, which resulted in a redesign of the ball and a more open style of play on the field. From this committee CAME the Legalization of the forward pass, the which resulted in a redesign of the ball and a more open style of play on the field. The rough mass plays, which once caused so many serious injuries, were prohibited by the committee. The rough mass plays, the which once Caused so many serious injuries, were prohibited by the committee. Also prohibited was the locking of arms by teammates in an effort to clear the way for their ball carriers. Also prohibited was the locking of arms by teammates in an effort to clear the way for Their ball carriers. The length of the game was shortened, from seventy to sixty minutes, and the neutral zone, which separates the teams by the length of the ball before each play begins, was also established. The length of the game was shortened, from seventy to sixty minutes, and the neutral zone, the which separates the teams by the length of the ball before each play begins, was also established.

Though refinements to the game would continue to the present day, the modern game of American football had arrived . Though refinements to the game would continue to the present day, the modern game of American football had arrived.

Bahasa Indonesia

Permainan Rugby sudah ada sejak zaman yunani Kuno.Dan dulu permainan ini dinamakan Harpaston.Harpaston secara harafiah berarti " permainan kasar dan brutal ".
Permainan ini Berkembang pada tahun 1830-an.Permainan ini mempunyai atura yang sangat mudah.Poin diberikan apabila ada orang yang berhasil menendang melewati crossbar atau berlari melewati garis di ujung lapangan.Dan para pemain belakang harus berusaha menghentikan para pelari yang berusaha mendapatkan Poin dengan cara menjatuhkan,Menabrak bahkan membanting.

Pergantian Pemain
Rugby termasuk olahraga keras, karena membolehkan setiap pemain menjatuhkan lawan dengan berbagai cara sesuai dengan aturannya. Itu sebabnya olahraga ini membutuhkan stamina yang prima. Bentuk tubuh tidak menjadi syarat utama. Siapa saja bisa menjadi pemain rugby, asalkan dia kuat berlari, dan memiliki stamina yang prima.

Istimewanya rugby ialah jika pemain cidera, maka ia harus segera digantikan. Pemain yang cidera tidak diperbolehkan kembali bermain, sehingga harus segera digantikan oleh pemain pengganti. Pergantian pemain dilakukan oleh wasit pada saat bola mati.

Pakaian Pemain
Pemain rugby mengenakan pakaian yang terbuat dari bahan jersey, celana pendek atau dapat juga training, kaos kaki dan sepatu boots. Selain itu, pemain mesti menggunakanpadding khusus yang diletakkan dalam kaos kaki, ankle supports, sarung tangan, shoulders pad, chest pads dan dental protector. Pelindung atau pad ini diperlukan oleh pemain rugby pada beberapa bagian tubuh, seperti lutut dan dada, karena dapat terjadi cidera serius.

Durasi Permainan
Lamanya permainan 90 menit, sudah terbagi menjadi time lost, extra time, dan special conditions. Sekali permainan terbagi menjadi dua, yang lamanya tidak lebih dari 40 menit. Setelah setengah waktu permainan, tim berganti tempat. Ada interval waktu tidak lebih dari 10 menit. Lamanya interval ini ditentukan oleh organiser.
Time Lost

Kondisi ini ditentukan karena:

Cedera, wasit harus menghentikan permainan selama 1 menit untuk mengganti pemain.
Pakaian. Jika bola mati, maka wasit dapat memberi waktu bagi para pemain untuk membenahi pakaian mereka, seperti mengganti padding, sepatu, dan sebagainya.
Pergantian pemain. Waktu khusus dibutuhkan jika ada pergantian pemain.
Laporan foul play dari Touch judge. Permainan dihentikan sementara karena ada laporan foul play

Officials
Setiap pertandingan olahraga pasti ada Match Officials, para penentu pertandingan. Rugby terdiri dari seorang wasit dan dua orang Touch Judges (dalam sepakbola adalah hakim garis). Additional persons, sebagai pemegang kekuasaan dalam Match Organisers termasuk wasit dan pengganti Touch judges, seorang official untuk membantu wasit menentukan keputusan dengan peralatan teknologi, time keeper, dokter kepala, tim dokter, anggota di luar tim, dan ball persons.

Playing A Match
Pertandingan rugby dimulai dengan satu kali tendangan kick-off. Setelah itu, beberapa pemain memperebutkan bola dan berlari. Pemain dapat melempar atau menendang bola pada pemain lainnya, atau memberikan bola. Selain itu, bola mesti dipantulkan, dipegang selama berlari, atau diperebutkan. Untuk tetap memegang bola, pemain boleh jatuh di atasnya, melakukan scrum, ruck, maul, atau line-out.

Untuk mencetak gol, pemain harus memantulkan bola terlebih dahulu di depan gawang. Tentu saja setiap pemain harus tunduk pada aturan permainan. Karena berlaku juga Kartu Merah dan Kartu Kuning.

Scoring Points
Ada beberapa cara menentukan scoring points dalam permainan ini.

Nilai 1 poin. Jika pemain pertama mencetak gol ke gawang lawan.
Nilai 5 poin. Penalty try, jika pemain memiliki score, tetapi ada pelanggaran dari lawan, berlaku tendangan pinalti.
Nilai 2 poin. Conversion goal, ketika score pemain tercipta hanya dalam sekali tendangan saja, ini juga berlaku dalam penalty try. Tendangan jauh ini disebut conversion kick. Conversion kick dapat juga berupa tempat menendang atau menjatuhkan tendangan.
Nilai 3 poin. Penalty goal, jika nilai penalty goal seorang pemain tercipta yang merupakan tendangan gol dari tendangan pinalti.
Nilai 3 poin. Dropped goal, jika score pemain ditentukan dari jatuhnya gol oleh karena tendangan gol dari sebuah tendangan jatuhan, sehingga satu tim mendapatkan sebuah tendangan bebas. Ini pun baru tercipta score setelah bola mati, atau setelah bola direbut pihak lawan, dapat juga bola direbut setelah dipantulkan atau posisi maul. Barulah free kick mendapat poin.

Goal.
Seorang pemain dapat mencetak gol dengan cara menendang bola sampai melewati pertahanan lawan.

Foul Play
Ini merupakan pelanggaran dalam aturan permainan rugby. Termasuk diantaranya adalah: obstruction, unfair play, repeated infringements, dangerous play, dan misconduct.

Obstruction, ialah menjegal atau mendorong pemain ketika merebut bola. Tindakan ini tidak diperbolehkan, kecuali melakukan dengan shoulders to shoulders.

Unfair play, jika pemain bermain curang atau melanggar peraturan, seperti membuang waktu, karena bisa dikenakan pinalti.

Repeated infringement atau pelanggaran berulang. Pemain tidak boleh melakukan pelanggaran berulang.

Dangerour play dan misconduct, seperti memukul pemain lain, menabrak, menjegal, atau menyerang merupakan pelanggaran atau four play.

Ruck
Kondisi dimana satu tim mengadakan kontak fisik yaitu berkumpul untuk berebut bola. Paling tidak satu pemain berpasangan dengan lawan. Ini bukan foul play.

Lapangan dan pemain

Sepak bola Amerika dimainkan di atas lapangan berbentuk segi empat, dengan panjang 120 yard (110 meter) dan lebar 53 1/3 yard (49 meter). Garis paling luar di sepanjang lapangan disebut sideline (garis sisi), sedangkan garis paling luar di kedua ujung lapangan disebut end line (garis akhir). Di kedua sisi kiri dan kanan lapangan terdapat goal line (garis gawang). Jarak antara kedua sisi garis gawang adalah 100 yard. Bidang tempat mencetak skor disebut end zone (zona akhir) dan panjangnya 10 yard dihitung dari garis gawang sampai ke garis akhir.
Di sepanjang lapangan dibuat garis-garis melintang setiap 5 yard yang disebut garis yard (yard line). Setiap 10 yard, garis yard diberi tanda jarak yang dimulai dari kedua belah sisi garis gawang dan berakhir di tengah lapangan: (garis gawang) -10, -20, -30, -40, 50, 40-, 30-, 20-, 10- (garis gawang). Garis-garis melintang pada lapangan sepak bola Amerika mirip dengan garis-garis pada lapangan liga Rugby Garis pendek-pendek di pinggir lapangan disebut hash marks (tanda hash) yang menandai setiap yard dari panjang lapangan. Setiap awal pergerakan bola dimulai dengan posisi bola di tanda hash atau di antara dua tanda hash.

Posisi gawang yang diletakkan di luar end zone

Di ujung masing-masing zona akhir (end zone) terdapat tiang gawang (disebut goal posts atau uprights). Gawang sepak bola Amerika berbentuk mirip Garputala dengan tiang penopang yang tingginya 10 kaki (3 meter). Gol harus masuk di antara kedua tiang gawang. Kedua tiang gawang terpisah dengan jarak 18 kaki 6 inci  (5,6 meter) dan dipasang di atas besi melintang (cross bar) membentuk mulut gawang seperti huruf "U". Pada pertandingan antar-SMU, jarak antara dua tiang gawang adalah 24 kaki (7,3 meter) supaya bola lebih gampang masuk. Tinggi tiang gawang hingga bagian paling ujung mencapai 30 kaki (9 meter) dari atas permukaan lapangan. Di lapangan untuk pertandingan profesional, perguruan tinggi, dan SMU, tiang penopang gawang diletakkan di luar wilayah permainan. Tiang juga dibuat melengkung ke arah luar lapangan untuk mengurangi risiko cedera karena menabrak tiang.
Masing-masing tim turun ke lapangan dengan 11 pemain. Tim bisa mengganti sebagian atau semua pemain ketika waktu masih memungkinkan, atau semasa jeda pergerakan bola. Setiap tim memiliki 46 pemain dalam satu pertandingan dan bisa ditukar pakai setiap saat sepanjang pertandingan. Hampir semua pemain berkesempatan untuk turun bertanding dan tidak ada yang menganggur.