Sejarah Selam
Sejarah Selam
Menyelam
adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan di bawah permukaan air, dengan atau
tanpa menggunakan peralatan, untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu.
Menyelam,
sebagai suatu profesi, sudah dikenal lebih dari 5000 tahun lalu.
Penyelam zaman dulu mungkin tidak bisa mencapai kedalaman lebih dari 100
feet. Biasanya kegiatan ini dilakukan untuk mengambil kerang dan
mutiara. Dalam sejarah Yunani, Herodotus menceritakan seorang penyelam
bernama Scyllis yang dipekerjakan Raja Persia Xerxes untuk mengambil
harta karun yang tenggelam pada abad ke 5 SM.
Sejak
jaman dulu, penyelam juga dipergunakan untuk militer, seperti
menenggelamkan kapal musuh, memotong jangkar, dan melubangi kapal dari
bawah. Alexander ¡°The Great¡± mengirimkan penyelam untuk meruntuhkan
pelabuhan di kota Tyra (Libanon) yang kemudian dikuasai tahun 332 SM.
Para
penyelam jaman dulu juga dipergunakan untuk menyelamatkan barang yang
tenggelam. Pada abad pertama SM, khususnya di Mediterania barat, para
penyelam sudah terorganisir dan pembayarannya sudah diatur hukum.
Pembayarannya tergantung kedalaman air yang diselami. Jika kedalamannya
24 feet maka penyelam dibayar ¨รถ barang yang diselamatkan. Kedalaman 12
feet maka diberikan 1/3, dalam kedalaman 3 feet maka diberikan 1/10.
Pipa udara
Penyelam
jaman dulu hanya memikirkan bahwa panjangnya pipa udara adalah sangat
penting dalam penyelaman. Banyak design yang memakai pipa panjang yang
fleksibel dengan bagian atas mengapung. Tentunya hal ini tidak akan
bekerja dengan baik pada kedalaman 3 feet, karena akan menyebabkan
penyelam kekurangan oksigen dan akan tenggelam. Tekanan air juga
meningkat sehingga menekan pipa dan dada.
Hal ini menyebabkan design alat selam yang menggunakan pipa udara tidak praktis dan sukar dilakukan.
Breathing Bag
Lukisan
Asyiria pada abad 9 SM menggambarkan seorang penyelam menggunakan tanki
udara terbuat dari kulit. Namun penafsiran lain menjelaskan bahwa itu
adalah perenang yang menggunakan tanki udara untuk mengapung di air.
Diving Bell
Sekitar
tahun 1500-1800 lonceng selam telah berkembang, sehingga penyelam dapat
menyelam dalam hitungan jam. Lonceng selam adalah peralatan berbentuk
bel dimana dasarnya terbuka di dalam laut.
Lonceng
selam pertama sangat besar sehingga penyelam dapat menyelam dalam
beberapa jam. pada perkembangan lanjut, lonceng selam ini terhubungkan
dengan kabel dari permukaan. Lonceng ini tidak dapat bermanuver dengan
baik. Penyelam dapat tetap didalam atau keluar lonceng sebentar sambil
menahan napas.
Lonceng selam
pertama dibuat tahun 1513. Pada tahun 1680, petualang bernama William
Philip berhasil mengangkat harta tenggelam sebanyak $200.000 dengan
metode ini.
Pada tahun 1690,
seorang ahli astronomi Inggris, Edmund Halley mengembangkan lonceng
selam, dengan menenggelamkan tong dengan pemberat. Bersama 4 temannya ia
dapat bertahan 1 1/2 jam dalam kedalaman 60 feet di sungai Thomas. 26
tahun kemudian, dengan mengembangkan peralatannya menjadi lebih baik ia
dapat bertahan 4 jam dalam kedalaman 66 feet.
Diving Suit
Pada
tahun 1715, seorang Inggris bernama John Lethbridge mengembangkan baju
selam. Pertama kali ia menciptakan sebuah tong dari kayu yang dilapisi
kulit, juga dilengkapi dengan kaca di bagian depan, dan lubang untuk
lengan. Dengan menggunakan peralatan ini penyelam bisa melakukan
tugasnya. Peralatan ini diturunkan dari kapal ke dalam air. Baju selam
ini cukup berhasil, karena kedalaman normal operasinya 60 feet dan
selama 34 menit. Tapi kelemahannya hampir sama dengan lonceng selam,
yaitu terbatasnya suplai udara.
Pada tahun 1823 John dan Charles
Deane, mempatenkan pakaian pemadam kebakaran. Dengan pakaian tersebut,
pemadam kebakaran dapat masuk ke dalam bangunan yang terbakar. Pada
tahun 1828, pakaian tersebut dipatenkan untuk selam, dimana terdiri dari
pakaian yang dapat menahan dingin, helm, dan hose yang menghubungkan
dengan permukaan. Suplai udara berasal dari permukaan dan dikeluarkan
lewat bagian bawah helm, sehingga jika posisi helm terbalik maka akan
cepat terisi air. Akhirnya oleh Augustus Siebe, helm ini dilengkapi
dengan seal di bagian leher dan katup kuras.
Beberapa penemu bekerja sama
untuk membuat pakaian selam yang dilengkapi dengan senjata. Pakaian ini
dapat mengatur tekanan sehingga tekanan udara yang dihirup sama dengan
tekanan udara permukaan. Pakaian selam ini merupakan pengembangan dari
pakaian John Lethbridge.
Penggunaan
pakaian ini dipertanyakan, karena bentuknya agak kaku untuk melakukan
tugas. Pada tahun 1930 kedalaman yang dicapai 700 feet, tetapi dengan
pengembangan sekarang sudah mencapai 2000 feet air asin (fsw).
Caissons
Pada
saat yang sama dalam pengembangan pakaian selam, para penemu bekerja
keras untuk mengembangkan lonceng selam dengan meningkatkan ukuran dan
menambah kapasitas pompa udara sehingga dapat menjaga tekanan udara dan
mengeluarkan air di dalam lonceng.
Perkembangan
pompa udara yang cepat menambah ukuran ruang yang cukup luas sehingga
beberapa pekerja dapat bekerja dibawah air. Hal ini bermanfaat terutama
dalam pembangunan kaki jembatan atau terowongan. Ruangan yang diciptakan
disebut caissons, dalam bahasa Prancis berarti kotak besar.
Caisson
didesain sehingga penyelam dapat mudah mencapai permukaan. Dengan
mengggunakan sistem kunci, tekanan di dalam caisson dapat diatur saat
penyelam masuk dan keluar. Pada akhirnya caisson berkembang cepat.
Tapi
dengan pemakaian caisson ini banyak pekerja mengalami penyakit
dekompressi, sehingga penyakit dekompresi disebut juga penyakit caisson.
SCUBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus)
Peralatan
selam yang dikembangkan John Deane, Agustus Siebe memang memberikan
penyelam waktu yang lama dalam air, tetapi mobilitas sangat kurang. Para
penemu mencari metode lain tanpa menurunkan tingkat bahaya. Solusi
terbaik adalah menyediakan suatu alat suplai udara yang dapat dibawa.
Pada
awalnya tidak berhasil karena terbatasnya kapasitas pompa udara untuk
menyimpan udara dalam tekanan tinggi. Setelah hal ini dapat diatasi,
maka udara dapat disimpan dalam suatu tempat tabung dalam tekanan tinggi
sehingga menyediakan suplai udara yang cukup lama.
Scuba berkembang dengan cepat sehingga berkembang menjadi 3 macam tipe dasar:
- Open
Circuit Scuba (dimana seluruh udara buang langsung dikeluarkan ke
lingkungan sekitarnya). Regulatornya dikembangkan oleh Benoist
Rouquayrol, sedangkan sistemnya dikembangkan oleh Jacques-Yves Cousteau
dan Emile Gagnan.
- Closed Circuit Scuba (dimana seluruh udara buang dimasukkan lagi ke
sistem sehingga dapat di daur ulang). Henry A. Fleuss mengembangkan
sistem ini pada tahun 1876 dan 1878, Fleuss kemudian berhasil menguji
peralatannya pada tahun 1879 dalam tanki air hampir selama 1 jam.
- Semiclosed Circuit Scuba (kombinasi dari keduanya).
Tipe Penyelaman
Kegiatan
menyelam dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa jenis tergantung antara lain
kepada, kedalaman, tujuan dan jenis peralatan yang digunakan.
Jika kedalaman yang dijadikan tolok ukur, penyelaman dapat dibedakan menjadi:
- Penyelaman dangkal.Yaitu penyelaman dengan kedalaman maksimum 10 m
- Penyelaman sedang.Yaitu penyelaman dengan kedalaman < 10 m s/d 30 m
- Penyelaman dalam.Penyelaman dengan kedalaman > 30 m.
Jika didasarkan kepada tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam kegiatan itu, penyelaman bisa dibedakan menjadi :
Penyelaman untuk kepentingan pertahanan dan keamanan negara, antara lain:
- Tactical (Combat) diving yaitu penyelaman untuk tugas-tugas tempur
- Submarine Rescue, penyelamatan kapal selam
- Search & Rescue (SAR)
- Inspection & Repair (inspeksi dan perbaikan)
- Ship Salvage
Penyelaman-penyelaman jenis ini pada umumnya dilaksanakan oleh para penyelam Angkatan Bersenjata.
- Penyelaman
komersial.Yaitu penyelaman professional antara lain untuk kepentingan
konstruksi dibawah permukaan air, penambangan lepas pantai (Off shore
drilling), salvage, dll.
- Penyelaman Ilmiah (Scientific Diving). Penyelaman yang dilakukan
untuk kepentingan ilmiah, antara lain : penelitian biologi, geologi,
arkeologi dan kelautan pada umumnya.
- Penyelaman Olah Raga (Sport Diving). Penyelaman yang dilakukan untuk
kepentingan mempertahankan atau meningkatkan kondisi kesehatan dan
kebugaran jiwa dan raga.
Untuk mengerti lebih jelas tipe-tipe penyelaman, maka disarankan lebih baik membaca dulu fisika penyelaman, dan aspek medisnya.
Ada lima tipe umum selam sesuai metode, yaitu:
Breatholding atau Free Diving
Disebut
juga skin diving atau snorkeling, merupakan penyelaman yang paling
mudah dan paling tua. Tidak menggunakan suplai udara, sehingga waktu
menyelam tergantung lamanya penyelam dapat menahan napas. Umumnya
penyelam menggunakan masker untuk melihat dalam air, fin untuk mengayuh,
dan snorkel untuk bernapas ketika berenang dengan muka menghadap ke
bawah air. Lebih baik lagi menggunakan baju wet suit, selain menghindari
hipotermi, juga dapat menambah daya apung.
Scuba diving
Menggunakan
tabung dan regulator tekanan. Penyelam biasanya menggunakan tabung
selam yang berisi 72 atau 90 cubic feet (cuft) dengan tekanan 2200 atau
3300 pound per square inch gauge (PSIG). Seperti snorkeling, penyelam
menggunakan masker, fin, snorkel, pemberat, BC, jam selam, dan depth
gauge. Untuk menghindari hipotermia, penyelam menggunakan wet suit. Jika
suhu air < 10 OC, biasanya menggunakan dry suit. Selain peralatan
dasar, peralatan tambahan juga diperlukan untuk keamanan, navigasi, dan
komunikasi.
Surface Supplied or Tethered diving
Penyelaman ini memerlukan suplai udara dari permukaan secara terus menerus biasanya untuk tujuan militer atau komersial.
Saturation diving
Konsep
penyelaman ini adalah bahwa dalam 24 jam pada kedalaman tertentu,
jaringan tubuh telah menyeimbangkan tekanan sehingga waktu dan profil
dekompresi tetap sama walaupun penyelam berhari-hari dalam air.
Sebelum
melakukan penyelaman, biasanya penyelam akan tinggal di dalam ruang
yang bertekanan sama dengan kedalaman, setelah itu diangkut kedalam
kapsul atau lonceng selam ke kedalaman yang diinginkan.
One Atmosphere diving
Pada
penyelaman ini, tekanan udara yang digirup penyelam diatur supaya sama
dengan permukaan laut (1 ATM). Leonardo Da Vinci telah mendesain
gambaran yang sama dengan model modern (lihat Armored Diving Suit),
tetapi baru direalisasikan pada abad 20.
Rebreather diving
Konsepnya
yaitu dengan mensirkulasikan kembali udara yang telah dibuang penyelam,
dengan membuang karbondioksida, dan menambah oksigen sebelum masuk ke
dalam tubuh penyelam kembali. Dengan adanya konsep ini, menyelam akan
lebih dalam dan lebih lama, dan gelembung udara tidak ada yang mungkin
mengganggu pandangan. Tetapi peralatan selam ini sangat berbahaya jika
tidak digunakan dan dipelihara dengan baik.
Mixed Gas diving
Pada
penyelaman ini tidak menggunakan udara bebas, tetapi menggunakan udara
dengan komposisi tertentu. Udara dengan komposisi yang diatur ini dapat
dipergunakan dalam berabagai tipe selam lain.
Ada tiga macam campuran udara yang dipakai dalam penyelaman:
Enhanced Nitrox (I,II)
Nitrox
adalah campuran gas yang terdiri dari oksigen dan nitrogen. Yang sering
digunakan ada dua, yaitu Nitrox 1 (32 % oksigen, 68 % nitrogen) dan
Nitrox II (36 % oksigen, 64 %). Hanya Nitrox I yang boleh digunakan
dalam penyelaman olahraga.
Sebenarnya
kata Nitrox berarti campuran gas dengan komposisi oksigen < 21 %.
Biasanya dipergunakan dalam selam, dan penyelaman saturasi, dimana efek
samping keracunan oksigen dapat dihindarai. Secara teknis, jika kadar
oksigen > 20 % maka disebut "enrich air nitrox" (EAN) atau "oxygen
enrich air" (OEA). Tapi dalam prakteknya istilah EAN dan Nitrox sering
tertukar.
Dengan adanya EAN maka
kemungkinan terjadinya penyakit dekompressi menjadi berkurang, namun
efek samping keracunan oksigen akan lebih besar. Untuk penyelaman
rekreasi, penggunaannya masih dalam perdebatan.
Keuntungan dan Kerugian Penggunaan EAN pada kedalaman 50-130 fsw:
Keuntungan:
- Menurunkan risiko penyakit dekompresi.
- Menurunkan kejadian keracunan nitrogen.
- Mengurangi waktu nitrogen sisa (residual nitrogen).
- Waktu surface interval lebih pendek.
- Mengurangi waktu dekompresi jika bottom time maksimum terlewati.
- Mengurangi waktu survace interval antara menyelam dan terbang.
Kerugian:
- Memerlukan pelatihan khusus.
- Menggunakan peralatan khusus Nitrox.
- Meningkatkan oksidasi tabung scuba menjadi cepat berkarat.
- Mempercepat kerusakan peralatan.
- Meningkatkan risiko kebakaran.
- Risiko keracunan oksigen lebih besar.
Heliox
Selain
nitrox, yang sering digunakan adalah heliox, yaitu campuran helium dan
oksigen. Helium merupakan gas inert, yang menggantikan nitrogen.
Penggunaannya menghilangkan efek keracunan oksigen dan menurunkan
keracunan oksigen. Heliox disarankan dalam penyelaman > 130 fsw.
Heliox sangat mahal.
Trimix
Trimix
adalah campuran gas helium, nitrogen dan oksigen. Komposisinya
tergantung dari profil waktu selam yang dipakai. Angkatan Laut AS
menggunakan pada kedalaman > 190 fsw, dan selalu digunakan pada
kedalaman ekstrim > 600 fsw.
Yang
digunakan dalam penyelaman rekreasi adalah jenis helitrox yaitu trimix
yang diperkaya oksigen. Campuran yang sering digunakan adalah TX 26/17
(26 % oksigen, 17 % helium, dan 57 % nitrogen). Beberapa kematian
penyelam olahraga berkaitan dengan penggunaan heliox, sehingga
penggunaan trimix helitrox untuk penyelaman rekreasi masih
diperdebatkan.
English
HISTORY OF DIVE
The Origin and Evolution of DivingOn a roof slab of a burial vault, the vast south of Naples is a painting of a young man diving from a narrow platform. On the roof slab of a vast cemetery south of Napoli dome is a painting of young men dive from a narrow platform. The
discovery of the "Del Tomba Tuffatore" (The Tomb of the Diver) That
shows us the excitement and grace of diving into water from high places
has lured people from at least 480 BC - the date established for the
construction of the tomb. The
discovery of "Del Tomba Tuffatore" (The Tomb of the Diver) shows us
that the joy and grace from on high dive into the water has attracted
people from at least 480 BC - the date set for the construction of the
tomb. As with most sports dating back to ancient times, little information has survived on competitive diving. As with most sports dating back to ancient times, little information has survived about competitive diving.
The origins of modern diving can be traced to two European venues - Halle in Germany and Sweden. The origins of modern diving can be traced to two places in Europe - Halle in Germany and Sweden.
It
was a traditional SPECIALITY of the guild of salt boilers, called
Halloren to swimming and diving practice model Certain skills. This is a traditional specialty of the boiler union salt, called Halloren practicing certain pool and diving skills. The Halloren used to perform a series of diving feats from a bridge into the River Saale. The Halloren used to perform a series of accomplishments diving off the bridge into the River Saale. In 1840 in contact with the German gymnastics movement the world's first diving association was formed. In 1840 the German gymnastics movement in contact with the association's first dive in the world was formed. Most of its members were gymnasts tumbling routines Their starting as a kind of water gymnastics. Most of the members are the gymnasts begin their routine fall as a kind of water gymnastics. Thus Spake Became very popular diving in Germany. So dive became very popular in Germany.
In Sweden wooden scaffolding was erected around many lakes, inviting Courageous fellows to perform diving feats. In Sweden wood scaffolding set up around the many lakes, invite colleagues dared to do the diving performance. Somersaulting from great heights and swallow-like flights of a whole team are common. Somersaulting from great heights and swallow-like flight of a common whole team.
The beginning of competitive diving corresponded to the rise of swimming clubs and associations. Early associated with the emergence of competitive diving pool clubs and associations. In Germany, the oldest club called "Neptun" started international diving contests from a lower board and from a tower in 1882. In Germany, the oldest club called "Neptun" started international diving contests from the bottom and from the tower in 1882. In 1891 the first diving rules were adopted and the Following year the tables were first published in Germany. In 1891 the first diving rule was adopted and the following year the first table was published in Germany.
At the turn of the century, another branch of diving Numerous found followers in the USA - the bridge and artistic leaping. At the turn of the century, another branch of diving found many followers in the U.S. - and bridge artistic jump. However, its development was stopped due to the high number of serious accidents. However, development was discontinued due to the high number of serious accidents.
In 1940 in Saint-Louis, with the support of the Germans, diving was added to the Olympic program. In 1940, Saint-Louis, with the support of the Germans, diving was added to the Olympic program. German Springboard divers dominated the scene during the first two Decades. Germany dominated the scene springboard diver during the first two decades. When diving from a high platform was introduced in 1908, the Swedish athlete dominated these contests. When the high dive from the platform was introduced in 1908, the Swedish athletes dominate this contest.
For
the 1908 Games in London, a diving table was composed listing the types
of dive allowed, giving descriptions of them and setting a value for
each difficulty and fixing the number of required and voluntary dives. For
the 1908 Games in London, dive tables compiled a list of the type of
diving is allowed, provided a description of them and assign a value to
every difficulty and improve the number of dives required and voluntary.
The table contained 14 dives for highboard and 20 for the Springboard. The table contains 14 dives to highboard and 20 for the stepping stone. Recommendations were also given for Judging. Recommendations are also given to assess.
Constant
changes CAME about until the FINA meeting in 1914 in Budapest where the
German proposals for Springboard and the Swedish proposals for
highboard diving were adopted as internationally binding rules. Constant
changes occur until the FINA meeting in 1914 in Budapest where the
German proposal for a stepping stone and Swedish proposal for highboard
diving was adopted as an internationally binding rules. German
diving placed particular emphasis on the good body position during
flight whereas the Swedish set a high value on the Courageous aspect of
the dive and the splashless arrival in the water. Diving
Germany placed a particular emphasis on good body position during
flight, while Sweden set a high value on aspects of diving and coming
splashless brave in the water.
In
1902, the Amateur Diving Association of England, the first ever diving
association, was formed and continued until 1936 when it CAME under the
aegis of the ASA of Great Britain. In
1902, the British Amateur Diving Association, the Association's first
ever dive, was formed and continued until 1936 when it was under the
auspices of the ASA of Great Britain.
From 1920, the U.S. Their divers asserted supremacy for Several Decades. From 1920, the U.S. divers assert their supremacy over the decades. Two
great coaches can be credited for most of these Victories - Ernst
Brandsten, and outstanding Swedish diver at the 1912 Olympic Games and
Fred Cady. Two
great coaches can be credited for most wins - Ernst Brandsten, and
Swedish divers and outstanding at the Olympics 1912 Fred Cady. Their
ideas, teaching methods and contribution to improving equipment enabled
them to Produce a constant stream of diving champions. Their
ideas, teaching methods and contribute to improving the equipment
allows them to generate a constant stream of diving champion. Brandsten
and Cady introduced a more flexible board with a moveable fulcrum
allowing the divers to leap higher and perform more difficult, moves. Cady
Brandsten and introduce more flexible boards by moving the fulcrum that
allows the diver to jump higher and make movement more difficult. These boards were used until the late 1940s. This board is used until the late 1940s.
Diving developed further with the creation of the FINA International Diving Committee in 1928. Diving developed further with the creation of the International Committee of the FINA Diving in 1928. In
1929 They published a new table the which all dives Divided into five
groups for Springboard and platform diving for six groups. In
1929 they published a new table that divides all dives into five groups
for springboard and platform diving for the six groups. The same system is still used today. The same system is still used today. They also Establish the four body positions. They also established the position of the four bodies. Until the 1920s, most dives were performed in the straight position. Until 1920, most diving is done in a straight position. In 1921, the pike and tuck positions were permitted to facilitate Completing somersaults and dives from lower boards. In 1921, pike and tuck positions were allowed to facilitate a complete somersault and dive down from the board. The free position was added later to allow new, more complicated dives. Free position was added later to allow for new, more complex dives.
Technical
improvements in equipment, new dives with higher degrees of difficulty,
scientifically founded methods of coaching and new attractive
international events helped diving develop to the current high standard.
Technical
improvements in equipment, new dives with a higher degree of
difficulty, scientifically established new methods of coaching and
international events that attract help develop high-dive with the
current standards. The laminated Brandsten Quickly board was replaced by the aluminum board used at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome. Council Brandsten laminated quickly replaced by a council of aluminum used in the 1960 Olympics in Rome. Then Ray Rude developed the Duraflex Board made of a single piece of red tape and riveted aluminum. Then Ray Rude developed Duraflex board is made from one piece of red tape and riveted aluminum. Finally, in 1969 the double tapered Mariflex board was introduced. Finally, in 1969 the council introduced a tapered double Mariflex. This,
and the fiber-glass board the which is also used, are very elastic,
allowing much higher LEAPS and Thus Spake more dives with high degrees
of difficulty. This,
and glass fiber boards are also used, highly elastic, which allows much
higher jumps and dives so much with a high degree of difficulty.The History of Competitive Diving History of Competitive DivingAt the beginning of the Twentieth century, diving obtained growing acceptance in the international arena. In the early twentieth century, diving obtained acceptance in the international arena. In 1904 in St. Louis, a platform diving event for men was added to the Olympic program for the first time. In 1904, St. Louis, platform diving event for men was added to the Olympic program for the first time. Dr GE Sheldon of the United States Became the first Olympic diving champion. Dr. Sheldon GE of the United States won the first Olympic diving. Springboard diving for men was introduced at the 1908 Olympic Games in London. Springboard Diving for men was introduced in the 1908 Olympics in London. Platform
diving for women Followed in 1912 at the Stockholm Olympic Games and
women's Springboard was added in 1920 at the Games in Antwerp. Foundation
for women's dive was followed in 1912 at the Stockholm Olympic Games
and jumping woman was added in 1920 at the Olympic Games in Antwerp. Synchronized diving made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games in Sydney, Australia. Olympic synchronized diving made its debut at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia.The History of FINA FINA HistoryAlthough
swimming was included in the Olympic program from the very first Games
of the modern era in Athens in 1896, the Federation Internationale de
Natation Amateur (FINA) was founded only a few years later, on 19 July
1908, on the occasion of the Olympic Games in London. Although
the pool is included in the Olympic program at the first Olympics of
the modern era in Athens in 1896, the Federation Internationale de
natation Amateur (FINA) was founded just a few years later, on July 19,
1908, on the occasion of the Olympic Games in London. Its
goal was to unify around regulations for the aquatic sports of
swimming, water polo and diving and to no longer allow the organizing
countries of the Games to impose Their Own Rules. The
ultimate goal is to unify the rules for water sports of swimming, water
polo and diving, and no longer allow states to impose regulations
Olympics themselves. A Briton, George W. Hearn,
at the time President of the Amateur Swimming Association, Became the
first person in charge with the title Honorary Secretary / Treasurer. A British citizen, George W. Hearn,
the president of the Association of Amateur Pool, became the first
person in charge with the title of Honorary Secretary / Treasurer. His number one objective was to codify the Olympic aquatic sports of swimming, diving and water polo. The number one goal is to codify the Olympic water sports swimming, diving and water polo. Ever since then, FINA has endeavored to promote international competitions with rules accepted by all. Since then, FINA has sought to promote international competition with the rules accepted by all.
There are five common types of immersion according to the method, namely:
Breatholding or Free DivingAlso called skin diving or snorkeling, diving is the easiest and most parents. Not using the air supply, so it depends on the length of time divers can dive to hold my breath. Generally, divers use a mask to see underwater, fins for paddling, and snorkel to breathe when swimming in the water face down. Better still wearing wet suits, in addition to avoiding hypothermia, can also increase the buoyancy.
Scuba divingUsing the tube and the pressure regulator. Scuba
divers usually use a tube containing 72 or 90 cubic feet (Cuft) by 2200
or 3300 pounds of pressure per square inch gauge (PSIG). Such as snorkeling, divers using mask, fins, snorkel, weights, BC, hours of immersion, and depth gauge. To avoid hypothermia, a diver using a wet suit. If the water temperature <10 OC, typically using a dry suit. In addition to basic equipment, additional equipment is also required for safety, navigation, and communication.
Surface Supplied diving or tetheredThis dive requires a supply of air from the surface is continuously usually for military or commercial purposes.
Saturation divingThe
concept of this dive is that within 24 hours at a certain depth, the
network has to balance the body so that the pressure of time and
decompression profiles remain the same even if the diver in the water
for days.Before
the dive, the diver will usually live in a pressurized chamber with a
depth, after which it is transported into a capsule or a diving bell to
the desired depth.
One Atmosphere DivingOn this dive, the diver digirup air pressure is set to be equal to sea level (1 ATM). Leonardo
Da Vinci had designed a similar picture with modern models (see Armored
Diving Suit), but only realized in the 20th century.
Rebreather divingThe
concept is to re-circulate air that has been disposed of divers, in
disposing of carbon dioxide and add oxygen into the body before diving
again. Given this concept, will dive deeper and longer, and there are no air bubbles that may interfere with vision. But scuba diving is very dangerous if not used and maintained properly.
Mixed Gas DivingOn this dive did not use the free air, but use the air with a certain composition. Regulated air composition can be used in berabagai other types of diving.There are three kinds of air mixtures used in diving:
Enhanced Nitrox (I, II)Nitrox is a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and nitrogen. There are two frequently used, namely Nitrox 1 (32% oxygen, 68% nitrogen) and Nitrox II (36% oxygen, 64%). I just Nitrox diving that may be used in sports.Actually the word means Nitrox gas mixtures with the composition of oxygen <21%. Typically used in diving, and diving saturation, where the side effects of oxygen toxicity can dihindarai. Technically, if the oxygen content of> 20% so-called "water Enrich Nitrox" (EAN) or "Enrich oxygen water" (OEA). But in practice the term is sometimes mistaken for EAN and Nitrox.Given the likelihood of disease EAN dekompressi be reduced, but the side effects of oxygen toxicity will be greater. For recreational diving, its use is still under debate.Advantages and Disadvantages The use of EAN at a depth of 50-130 FSW:Advantages:
* Reduces the risk of decompression sickness.
* Reduce the incidence of nitrogen poisoning.
* Reduced residual nitrogen time (residual nitrogen).
* The time interval shorter surface.
* Reduced decompression time if the maximum elapsed bottom time.
* Reducing the time interval between survace diving and flying.
Disadvantages:
* Requires special training.
* Using special equipment Nitrox.
* Increase the rapid oxidation of the tubes become rusty scuba.
* Speed up equipment damage.
* Increase the risk of fire.
* The risk of oxygen toxicity is greater.
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| HELIOX SYSTEM |
HelioxIn addition to Nitrox, which is often used is Heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen. Helium is an inert gas, which replaces nitrogen. Its use eliminates the effects of oxygen toxicity and reduce the toxicity of oxygen. Heliox dives suggested in> 130 FSW. Heliox is very expensive.
TrimixTrimix is a mixture of helium gas, nitrogen and oxygen. Its composition depends on the profile used when diving. The U.S. Navy used at depths> 190 FSW, and always used in the extreme depths> 600 FSW.Used in recreational diving is a type helitrox the oxygen-enriched Trimix. The mixture is often used TX 26/17 (26% oxygen, 17% helium and 57% nitrogen). Some
of the sports diver deaths associated with the use of Heliox, so the
use of Trimix helitrox for recreational diving is still debated.
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